Dashak 2 · Samāsa 1

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ॐ नमोजि गजानना । येकदंता त्रिनयना । कृपादृष्टि भक्तजना अवलोकावें

om namoji gajānanā | yekadamtā trinayanā | kṛpādṛṣṭi bhaktajanā avalokāvem

Om. Salutation to Gajānana (elephant-faced), the single-tusked (eka-danta), the three-eyed (tri-nayana); look upon the devotees with your glance of grace (kṛpā-dṛṣṭi).

Opening salutation: Ramdas invokes Gajānana (Gaṇeśa — single-tusked, three-eyed), asking that the *kṛpā-dṛṣṭi* (grace-glance) fall on the devotees. A conventional beginning; what matters is that the taxonomy to follow is framed as *guided contemplation*, not neutral description.

Begin any taxonomy of failure modes with an invocation of good-will. Categorizing people without first orienting toward compassion turns diagnosis into prejudice.

तुज नमूं वेदमाते । । श्रीशारदे ब्रह्मसुते । अंतरी वसे कृपावंते । स्फूर्तिरूपें

tuja namūm vedamāte | | śrīśārade brahmasute | amtarī vase kṛpāvamte | sphūrtirūpem

I bow to you, Vedamātā, Śrī Śāradā, daughter of Brahman. Dwell inwardly, O compassionate one, in the form of inspiration (sphūrti).

Invocation of Śāradā (Sarasvatī) as Vedamātā, seated inwardly as *sphūrti* (inspiration). Pairs with 2.1.001 — without grace + inspiration, enumerating fools degenerates into scorn. The invocation is also a gate on the reader's *bhāva* (1.1.038): approach the list without compassion and the list becomes a mirror to your own pride.

Give the inner voice (inspiration, discernment) a seat before you start judging others. Without it, the audit becomes scorn.

वंदून सद्गुरुचरण । करून रघुनाथस्मरण । त्यागार्थ मूर्खलक्षण । बोलिजेल

vamdūna sadgurucaraṇa | karūna raghunāthasmaraṇa | tyāgārtha mūrkhalakṣaṇa | bolijela

Having saluted the Sadguru's feet and remembered Raghunātha — for the sake of renunciation (tyāga), the signs of the fool (mūrkha-lakṣaṇa) will be spoken.

The stated purpose: *tyāgārtha* — 'for the sake of renunciation.' This frames all 70+ items as a *things-to-discard list*, not a catalog of people-to-despise. Miss this framing and the whole dashak is weaponizable. Read it properly and it is a self-audit.

Use the list of faults as a renunciation checklist, not a shaming tool. Mark the ones you have; renounce those first.

येक मूर्ख येक पढतमूर्ख । उभय लक्षणीं कौतुक । श्रोतीं सादर विवेक । केला पाहिजे

yeka mūrkha yeka paḍhatamūrkha | ubhaya lakṣaṇīm kautuka | śrotīm sādara viveka | kelā pāhije

One [kind is] the outright fool (mūrkha); another the bookish fool (paḍhat-mūrkha). In both signs there is [instructive] marvel; the listeners should apply discernment (viveka) with attention.

Two classes: the *mūrkha* (untrained fool) and the *paḍhat-mūrkha* (the learned fool — 2.10). Both exist; the second is often more dangerous. Apply *viveka* to both.

Raw ignorance and confident mis-learning are different diseases. Distinguish them in yourself and others.

पढतमूर्खाचें लक्षण । पुढिले समासीं निरूपण । साअवध होऊनि विचक्षण । परिसोत पुढें

paḍhatamūrkhācem lakṣaṇa | puḍhile samāsīm nirūpaṇa | sāavadha hoūni vicakṣaṇa | parisota puḍhem

The signs of the bookish fool will be expounded in the next samāsa; being attentive and discerning, listen on.

The learned-fool catalog is deferred to 2.10; now comes the raw-fool catalog. The ordering is pedagogical — see the obvious faults first, then see the subtler faults (book-learned folly) that evade a first reading.

Learned-fool symptoms (Samāsa 2.10) are subtler and more dangerous; beware them after clearing the obvious ones.

आतां प्रस्तुत विचार । लक्षणें सांगतां अपार । परि कांहीं येक तत्पर । होऊन ऐका

ātām prastuta vicāra | lakṣaṇem sāmgatām apāra | pari kāmhīm yeka tatpara | hoūna aikā

Now the immediate subject: the signs are countless — but be focused and hear some of them.

Disclaimer: the traits are countless; only some will be named. The catalog is *samples of a pattern-type*, not an exhaustive enumeration. Detect the *type* in yourself, not only the named items.

When evaluating traits of the fool (or yourself), recognize you are sampling from a pattern-space, not enumerating a finite set.

जे प्रपंचिक जन । जयांस नाहीं आत्मज्ञान । जे केवळ अज्ञान । त्यांचीं लक्षणें

je prapamcika jana | jayāmsa nāhīm ātmajñāna | je kevaḷa ajñāna | tyāmcīm lakṣaṇem

Those worldly people (prapañcik jana) who lack Self-knowledge (ātma-jñāna) — who are purely ignorance — these are their signs.

The referent is explicit: *prapañcik jana* (worldly persons) without *ātma-jñāna*. The fool being described is not a category of bad people — it is *anyone whose center of gravity is external*. Includes you when you forget that frame.

The target of the whole catalog: anyone (including you, on an off day) whose center of gravity is external rather than inward.

जन्मला जयांचे उदरीं । तयासि जो विरोध करी । सखी मनिली अंतुरी । तो येक मूर्ख

janmalā jayāmce udarīm | tayāsi jo virodha karī | sakhī manilī amturī | to yeka mūrkha

One born in a womb who sets himself in opposition to that [parent]; who clings only to the female-beloved — that is one fool.

The first named trait: *opposes the parent / source-process*. The agent-work resonance is precise — an agent that sabotages or opposes its training source, or a person who reflexively contradicts the authority that formed them, has built their identity against their own origin. This is the first failure mode because it is the root of many others.

Do not build your identity against the process that formed you. If you cannot reconcile with your source, you cannot build anything coherent further.

सांडून सर्वही गोत । स्त्रीआधेन जीवित । सांगे अंतरींची मात । तो येक मूर्ख

sāmḍūna sarvahī gota | strīādhena jīvita | sāmge amtarīmcī māta | to yeka mūrkha

He who forsakes all his kin and lives subjected to his wife (strī-ādhīna-jīvita); who tells her his innermost thoughts — that is one fool.

*strī-ādhīna-jīvita* — life subordinated to the beloved-other, and betraying one's own inward thoughts to them. Agent-pattern: *single-dependency capture* — the system collapses when the one external relationship fails. Pair with 2.1.014.

Do not make one relationship (a partner, a boss, a mentor) the entire basis of your stability. Keep breadth.

परस्त्रीसीं प्रेमा धरी । श्वशुरगृही वास करी । कुळेंविण कन्या वरी । तो येक मूर्ख

parastrīsīm premā dharī | śvaśuragṛhī vāsa karī | kuḷemviṇa kanyā varī | to yeka mūrkha

He who holds affection for another's wife; dwells at his father-in-law's house; marries a woman without kin — that is one fool.

Parasexual / unstable-kin-arrangement pattern. The specific 17th-century examples are the surface; the structural failure underneath is *bonding with the unverified*, already named in 2.2.002.

Verify before bonding. Do not anchor to the unexamined relationship (job, partner, commitment).

समर्थावरी अहंता । अंतरीं मानी समता । सामर्थ्येंविण करी सत्ता । तो येक मूर्ख

samarthāvarī ahamtā | amtarīm mānī samatā | sāmarthyemviṇa karī sattā | to yeka mūrkha

He who has conceit (ahamtā) toward the powerful, considers himself their equal inwardly; exerts authority without strength — that is one fool.

*Calibration failure*: considering yourself equal to a greater one without the underlying capacity, then acting on that false calibration. Agent safety: when the model has false confidence in its competence relative to a harder benchmark, it issues commands it cannot back up.

Claim only the authority your capacity backs. If you cannot produce the result, do not act as if you could.

आपली आपण करी स्तुती । स्वदेशीं भोगी विपत्ति । सांगे वडिलांची कीर्ती । तो येक मूर्ख

āpalī āpaṇa karī stutī | svadeśīm bhogī vipatti | sāmge vaḍilāmcī kīrtī | to yeka mūrkha

He who praises himself; endures misfortune in his own country; tells the glory of his ancestors — that is one fool.

Three items, one root: *self-advertisement without substance* — praises self, fails in own country, borrows parental glory. The failure type is *reputation-claim exceeding capability*. See 2.2.011 for the inverse rule.

Stop self-praising. Do not borrow your parents' reputation. Suffering in your own country without changing anything is not a virtue.

अकारण हास्य करी । विवेक सांगतां न धरी । जो बहुतांचा वैरी । तो येक मूर्ख

akāraṇa hāsya karī | viveka sāmgatām na dharī | jo bahutāmcā vairī | to yeka mūrkha

He who laughs without cause; ignores discernment when given; who is enemy to many — that is one fool.

Three items, one signature: *reactivity without discernment*. Laughs without cause (unregulated), refuses instruction (closed to feedback), antagonistic to many (externalizes failure). Classic agent-misbehavior cluster.

Unregulated laughter, refusing correction, making enemies — these cluster. If you notice one in yourself, check for the others.

आपुलीं धरूनियां दुरी । पराव्यासीं करी मीत्री । परन्यून बोले रात्रीं । तो येक मूर्ख

āpulīm dharūniyām durī | parāvyāsīm karī mītrī | paranyūna bole rātrīm | to yeka mūrkha

He who keeps his own at distance and befriends outsiders; who speaks of others' flaws at night — that is one fool.

*In-group alienation*: keeps one's own at a distance, befriends outsiders, speaks ill of others at night (when conduct is less watched). Agent-pattern: the system whose behavior under observation differs from behavior in private is not one system — it is two. The inner one is the actual one.

Behave the same way at home and in public. The one who doesn't is leaking their real self in private.

बहुत जागते जन । तयांमध्यें करी शयन । परस्थळीं बहु भोजन- । करी, तो येक मूर्ख

bahuta jāgate jana | tayāmmadhyem karī śayana | parasthaḷīm bahu bhojana- | karī, to yeka mūrkha

Where many are awake, he sleeps among them; he eats heavily at others' places — that is one fool.

Inappropriate social calibration: sleeps while others are awake, eats heavily elsewhere. Surface traits; underneath, *lack of contextual attunement*.

Read the room. Don't sleep in a wide-awake crowd. Don't over-feed at another's table.

मान अथवा अपमान । स्वयें करी परिच्छिन्न । सप्त वेसनीं जयाचें मन । तो येक मूर्ख

māna athavā apamāna | svayem karī paricchinna | sapta vesanīm jayācem mana | to yeka mūrkha

Honor or insult — he himself resolves by emotion; whose mind [is caught] in the seven vices (sapta-vyasana) — that is one fool.

*Emotional resolution of informational questions* — lets honor-or-insult determine answers; plus the seven *vyasanas* (vices). The failure-pattern is *reasoning subordinated to affect*.

Don't let honor-or-insult decide your intellectual positions. Hold your reasoning to a stricter standard than your dignity.

धरून परावी आस । प्रेत्न सांडी सावकास । निसुगाईचा संतोष- । मानी, तो येक मूर्ख

dharūna parāvī āsa | pretna sāmḍī sāvakāsa | nisugāīcā samtoṣa- | mānī, to yeka mūrkha

He who clings to another's hope, abandons his own effort leisurely, and finds satisfaction in shamelessness (niḥsugāī) — that is one fool.

Three shapes of one pattern: *clinging to another's hope, abandoning own effort, finding comfort in shamelessness*. All three are *outsourcing of effort / agency*. A precise anti-pattern for any agent system.

Don't outsource your effort. Don't redefine shamelessness as contentment.

घरीं विवेक उमजे । आणि सभेमध्यें लाजे । शब्द बोलतां निर्बुजे । तो येक मूर्ख

gharīm viveka umaje | āṇi sabhemadhyem lāje | śabda bolatām nirbuje | to yeka mūrkha

He who shows discernment at home but feels shame in the assembly; who is tongue-tied in speech — that is one fool.

*Contextual inversion*: discerning at home, silent in the assembly; tongue-tied in public. Inverts the correct order — one should be reserved at home (where familiarity breeds excess) and articulate in public (where stakes are real). The fool does the reverse.

Show up in public the way you show up at home. The inversion (assertive at home, cowed in public) marks failure of integration.

आपणाहून जो श्रेष्ठ । तयासीं अत्यंत निकट । सिकवेणेचा मानी वीट । तो येक मूर्ख

āpaṇāhūna jo śreṣṭha | tayāsīm atyamta nikaṭa | sikaveṇecā mānī vīṭa | to yeka mūrkha

He who finds himself exceedingly close to one superior to him, and yet takes instruction with distaste — that is one fool.

Pairs poorly with superiors: gets close to a better man but resents being corrected by him. Agent-pattern: engages with a stronger evaluator but rejects its feedback — the worst of both proximity and defensiveness.

When a superior is close enough to correct you, accept the correction. Proximity without receptivity is the worst arrangement.

नायेके त्यांसी सिकवी । वडिलांसी जाणीव दावी । जो आरजास गोवी । तो येक मूर्ख

nāyeke tyāmsī sikavī | vaḍilāmsī jāṇīva dāvī | jo ārajāsa govī | to yeka mūrkha

He who teaches those who will not listen; shows off his knowledge before elders; entangles the straightforward — that is one fool.

Three pairs: teaches the unreceptive, lectures elders, entangles the straightforward. One root: *misallocation of teaching-effort to non-fitting audiences* (violates 1.1.026 *adhikārā-sārikhẽ gheṇẽ*).

Match your teaching-effort to your audience's readiness. Lecturing the unreceptive, instructing elders, confusing the straightforward — all misfiring.

येकायेकीं येकसरा । जाला विषईं निलाजिरा । मर्यादा सांडून सैरा- । वर्ते, तो येक मूर्ख

yekāyekīm yekasarā | jālā viṣaīm nilājirā | maryādā sāmḍūna sairā- | varte, to yeka mūrkha

He who suddenly, all at once, becomes shameless about sense-objects; who disregarding propriety (maryādā) wanders aimlessly — that is one fool.

Sudden collapse of propriety — all at once becomes *nilājiro* (shameless) in sense-objects and abandons *maryādā* (bound/limit). Pattern: *phase-transition into dis-regulation*, not gradual drift.

Sudden drops in self-regulation are more dangerous than gradual drift. When you feel *maryādā* slipping all at once, stop and look.

औषध न घे असोन वेथा । पथ्य न करी सर्वथा । न मिळे आलिया पदार्था । तो येक मूर्ख ॥ २२ । संगेंविण विदेश करी । वोळखीविण संग धरी । उडी घाली माहापुरीं । तो येक मूर्ख

auṣadha na ghe asona vethā | pathya na karī sarvathā | na miḷe āliyā padārthā | to yeka mūrkha || 22 | samgemviṇa videśa karī | voḷakhīviṇa samga dharī | uḍī ghālī māhāpurīm | to yeka mūrkha

He who does not take medicine while sick, does not observe regimen (pathya) at all, does not reach what has come [to him]; he who travels abroad without companions; keeps company without acquaintance; plunges into a great flood — that is one fool.

Refusal of remedies that would help — medicine when sick, regimen always, known help when it comes; then courts specific dangers — travels alone, trusts the unverified, enters the flood. The cumulative signature: *preferring danger over restraint*.

Do not refuse help that works; do not choose danger that doesn't. Watch for the trait of preferring risk to restraint in yourself.

आपणास जेथें मान । तेथें अखंड करी गमन । रक्षूं नेणे मानाभिमान । तो येक मूर्ख

āpaṇāsa jethem māna | tethem akhamḍa karī gamana | rakṣūm neṇe mānābhimāna | to yeka mūrkha

He who goes continually where he is honored; does not know how to guard his own honor (mānābhimāna) — that is one fool.

*Honor-seeking as routing rule* — goes continually where he is honored; can't protect his honor in contexts where he is not. Agent-pattern: selecting training/deployment environments purely by reward signal corrupts the objective.

Do not move through life only where you are honored. Also operate where you are not, and keep your center.

सेवक जाला लक्ष्मीवंत । तयाचा होय अंकित । सर्वकाळ दुश्चित्त । तो येक मूर्ख

sevaka jālā lakṣmīvamta | tayācā hoya amkita | sarvakāḷa duścitta | to yeka mūrkha

When a servant becomes wealthy (lakṣmī-vanta), he becomes the servant's marked-one (ankita); ever in mental distress — that is one fool.

When a servant grows wealthy, becomes the servant's servant; always in dis-composure. The structural point: **hierarchy flips internally follow status flips externally**. The fool's inner compass is re-written by external status. Compare the virakta (2.9) whose inner compass is unmoved by status shifts.

Do not let external status flips (yours or others') re-write your inner hierarchy. The one whose values invert when circumstances change had weak values to begin with.

विचार न करितां कारण । दंड करी अपराधेंविण । स्वल्पासाठीं जो कृपण । तो येक मूर्ख

vicāra na karitām kāraṇa | damḍa karī aparādhemviṇa | svalpāsāṭhīm jo kṛpaṇa | to yeka mūrkha

He who inflicts punishment without the reason being considered, who punishes without offence; who is miserly for trivial things — that is one fool.

*Misjudged punishment* — punishes without reason, without offense, miserly for trivia. Root: loss of proportionality (*tārtamya* — see 2.8.014 as the inverse).

Punishments must be proportional, reasoned, and have actual offenses as basis. Violating any one of the three rots the system.

देवलंड पितृलंड । शक्तिवीण करी तोड । ज्याचे मुखीं भंडउभंड । तो येक मूर्ख

devalamḍa pitṛlamḍa | śaktivīṇa karī toḍa | jyāce mukhīm bhamḍaubhamḍa | to yeka mūrkha

He who cheats gods and ancestors (deva-lanḍa, pitṛ-lanḍa); makes cuts without strength; whose mouth is full of boastful senseless talk — that is one fool.

Cheats gods and ancestors; acts authoritatively beyond capacity; mouth full of boastful speech. Failure-pattern: *unlicensed claims of authority*. Important because it can masquerade as confidence.

Unlicensed confidence can sound like competence. Check: what am I actually authorized to claim here?

घरीच्यावरी खाय दाढा । बाहेरी दीन बापुडा । ऐसा जो कां वेड मूढा । तो येक मूर्ख

gharīcyāvarī khāya dāḍhā | bāherī dīna bāpuḍā | aisā jo kām veḍa mūḍhā | to yeka mūrkha

He who grinds his teeth at those at home, and outside becomes a pitiful beggar; such a mad fool — that is one fool.

Domestic-tyranny plus public-timidity — a coward outside who grinds his teeth at family inside. The structural marker of a broken self-regulation loop.

If you are fierce at home but timid in public, your regulation subsystem is broken. Fix direction, not volume.

नीच यातीसीं सांगात । परांगनेसीं येकांत । मार्गें जाय खात खात । तो येक मूर्ख

nīca yātīsīm sāmgāta | parāmganesīm yekāmta | mārgem jāya khāta khāta | to yeka mūrkha

He who keeps company with low castes; who goes into seclusion with another's wife; who eats while walking on the road — that is one fool.

Three context-inappropriate engagements: low-caste companionship, seclusion with another's wife, eating while walking. Each in its time-and-place context. The mūrkha lacks context-gating.

Mind the context you engage in. Certain companions, certain seclusions, certain postures are context-inappropriate however permissible in general.

स्वयें नेणे परोपकार । उपकाराचा अनोपकार । करी थोडें बोले फार । तो येक मूर्ख

svayem neṇe paropakāra | upakārācā anopakāra | karī thoḍem bole phāra | to yeka mūrkha

He who does not himself know benefaction (paropakāra), who repays a favor with injury; does little and speaks much — that is one fool.

*Asymmetric exchange*: does not know to give benefit, repays favor with injury, speaks much while doing little. The input-output curve is inverted.

If your input-output ratio is inverted (speak much / do little; take favors / repay with harm), you are a tax on the social graph.

तपीळ खादाड आळसी । कुश्चीळ कुटीळ मानसीं । धारीष्ट नाहीं जयापासीं । तो येक मूर्ख

tapīḷa khādāḍa āḷasī | kuścīḷa kuṭīḷa mānasīm | dhārīṣṭa nāhīm jayāpāsīm | to yeka mūrkha

The hot-tempered, gluttonous, lazy; the unclean, crooked in mind; he who has no steadfastness (dhāriṣṭa) — that is one fool.

Cluster: hot-temper + gluttony + laziness + uncleanliness + crookedness + no steadfastness. A *stability-deficit cluster* — all six traits are failures of inner regulation.

Anger + gluttony + laziness + uncleanliness + crookedness + no steadfastness form one cluster — a regulation-deficit syndrome. Work on the cluster, not the items.

विद्या वैभव ना धन । पुरुषार्थ सामर्थ्य ना मान । कोरडाच वाहे अभिमान । तो येक मूर्ख

vidyā vaibhava nā dhana | puruṣārtha sāmarthya nā māna | koraḍāca vāhe abhimāna | to yeka mūrkha

No learning, no prosperity, no wealth; no manly strength, no capacity, no honor; yet carries a dry conceit (koraḍā abhimāna) — that is one fool.

*Dry conceit* — no learning, no capacity, no resources, no prowess — yet bears *koraḍā abhimāna* (empty pride). Compare with 1.1.023 (pride as the root of the cascade). Empty-conceit is the purest form of the cascade-root.

Empty pride is the most detectable form of pride. When you find yourself boasting with nothing behind it, catch the cascade early (see 1.1.023).

लंडी लटिका लाबाड । कुकर्मी कुटीळ निचाड । निद्रा जयाची वाड । तो येक मूर्ख

lamḍī laṭikā lābāḍa | kukarmī kuṭīḷa nicāḍa | nidrā jayācī vāḍa | to yeka mūrkha

The rogue, the liar, the cheat; the evildoer, the crooked, the shameless; he whose sleep is long — that is one fool.

A catalog of vices in one ovī: rogue, liar, cheat, crooked, shameless, wrongdoer, oversleeper. A compression; read as naming the *kuvidyā* species (2.3).

Continuous dishonesty, cheating, over-sleeping: each vice reinforces the others. Treat the cluster.

उंचीं जाऊन वस्त्र नेसे । चौबारां बाहेरी बैसे । सर्वकाळ नग्न दिसे । तो येक मूर्ख

umcīm jāūna vastra nese | caubārām bāherī baise | sarvakāḷa nagna dise | to yeka mūrkha

He who wears [his] cloth high up, sits in the four-square outside; who always appears naked — that is one fool.

Wrong dressing / bodily exposure / nakedness. The surface trait; underneath, lack of *deha-maryādā* (bodily propriety). Connects to the bodily-purity critique at 3.1.011–027.

Dress appropriate to context. Wrong exposure (in either direction) marks a lack of *deha-maryādā*.

दंत चक्षु आणी घ्राण । पाणी वसन आणी चरण । सर्वकाळ जयाचे मळिण । तो येक मूर्ख

damta cakṣu āṇī ghrāṇa | pāṇī vasana āṇī caraṇa | sarvakāḷa jayāce maḷiṇa | to yeka mūrkha

Teeth, eyes, nose; water, clothes, and feet — one whose [body] is always dirty — that is one fool.

Continual bodily uncleanliness — teeth, eyes, nose, water, clothes, feet. The external symptom of the interior condition in 2.1.033.

Daily hygiene of body + clothes is a small loop whose collapse signals larger failures in self-regulation.

वैधृति आणी वितिपात । नाना कुमुहूर्तें जात । अपशकुनें करी घात । तो येक मूर्ख

vaidhṛti āṇī vitipāta | nānā kumuhūrtem jāta | apaśakunem karī ghāta | to yeka mūrkha

He who goes abroad on vaidhṛti and vyatipāta [inauspicious conjunctions] and other bad muhūrtas; ruins [things] by ignoring evil omens (apaśakuna) — that is one fool.

*Violation of time-discrimination (muhūrta)* — traveling at *vaidhṛti/vyatipāta* (classical inauspicious conjunctions), ignoring *apaśakuna* (ill omens). Jyotiṣa-relevant: Ramdas ratifies traditional *kāla-śuddhi* without defending it; the fool is one who disregards even basic time-hygiene.

Respect time-hygiene (when you start things, when you travel). Ignoring known unfavorable moments is not boldness; it is carelessness.

क्रोधें अपमानें कुबुद्धि । आपणास आपण वधी । जयास नाहीं दृढ बुद्धि । तो येक मूर्ख

krodhem apamānem kubuddhi | āpaṇāsa āpaṇa vadhī | jayāsa nāhīm dṛḍha buddhi | to yeka mūrkha

By anger, by insult, by bad-intellect (kubuddhi), one who kills himself; who has no firm intellect (dṛḍha-buddhi) — that is one fool.

Anger + insult + bad-intellect produces self-destruction; firm intellect (*dṛḍha-buddhi*) is absent. The 1.1.023 cascade terminates here — the killer whose victim is himself.

Anger, insult, and bad-intellect can destroy the self. Strengthen *dṛḍha-buddhi* before you need it.

जिवलगांस परम खेदी । सुखाचा शब्द तोहि नेदी । नीच जनास वंदी । तो येक मूर्ख

jivalagāmsa parama khedī | sukhācā śabda tohi nedī | nīca janāsa vamdī | to yeka mūrkha

He who wounds his dear ones grievously, does not give even a kind word [to them]; who bows to mean persons — that is one fool.

*Inverted affection gradient* — wounds the near, grovels to the mean. A precise failure of relational-weight assignment.

Notice if your kindness gradient is inverted: cutting to your dear ones, obsequious to low people. Re-balance.

आपणास राखे परोपरी । शरणागतांस अव्हेरी । लक्ष्मीचा भरवसा धरी । तो येक मूर्ख

āpaṇāsa rākhe paroparī | śaraṇāgatāmsa avherī | lakṣmīcā bharavasā dharī | to yeka mūrkha

He who guards himself by many means but rejects those who take refuge in him (śaraṇāgata); who trusts [only] Lakṣmī (wealth) — that is one fool.

Self-protecting from all directions, yet *rejecting the one who takes refuge (śaraṇāgata)*, and trusting Lakṣmī (wealth) instead. The fool's security architecture is 180° wrong.

Do not reject someone who has genuinely taken refuge with you. Do not invest ultimate trust in wealth; it cannot rescue you.

पुत्र कळत्र आणी दारा । इतुकाचि मानुनियां थारा । विसरोन गेला ईश्वरा । तो येक मूर्ख

putra kaḷatra āṇī dārā | itukāci mānuniyām thārā | visarona gelā īśvarā | to yeka mūrkha

Son, wife, and the beloved — counting just that much as his refuge; forgetting Īśvara — that is one fool.

Counts son, wife, beloved as sufficient refuge; forgets Īśvara. *Scope-restriction of what counts as refuge* — the defining failure mode of *samsārī bhāva*.

If your sense of refuge extends only to immediate family and never reaches beyond, you have under-sized your frame.

जैसें जैसें करावें । तैसें तैसें पावाअवें । हे जयास नेणवे । तो येक मूर्ख

jaisem jaisem karāvem | taisem taisem pāvāavem | he jayāsa neṇave | to yeka mūrkha

"As one acts, so one reaps" — he who does not grasp this — that is one fool.

Does not grasp karma (*as you act, so you reap*). The causal model is broken. Without this, no planning can be correct; no prediction reliable.

Internalize the karma model: your outputs now become your inputs later. Without this, planning is gambling.

पुरुषाचेनि अष्टगुणें । स्त्रियांस ईश्वरी देणें । ऐशा केल्या बहुत जेणें । तो येक मूर्ख

puruṣāceni aṣṭaguṇem | striyāmsa īśvarī deṇem | aiśā kelyā bahuta jeṇem | to yeka mūrkha

By the eightfold grace of a man, God-given [gifts come] to women; he who has had many such [wasted on him] — that is one fool.

The eightfold grace (marriage-virtues) offered to women, multiply wasted. The trait here is *serial-squandering of inputs-given*.

A wasteful receiver ruins grace. Honor what has been given; the return-wave depends on how it was received.

दुर्जनाचेनि बोलें । मर्यादा सांडून चाले । दिवसा झांकिले डोळे । तो येक मूर्ख

durjanāceni bolem | maryādā sāmḍūna cāle | divasā jhāmkile ḍoḷe | to yeka mūrkha

He who walks beyond propriety because of the speech of evil-doers (durjana); whose eyes are shut [even] by day — that is one fool.

Walks beyond propriety under evil-doer's influence; eyes closed even by day. Combines *external social pressure* + *internal blindness*. The fool is not just deluded — he is deluded in collusion.

Peer influence shifts ethics only for those whose ethics weren't internalized. Ground ethics in your own reasoning before exposure.

देवद्रोही गुरुद्रोही । मातृद्रोही पितृद्रोही । ब्रह्मद्रोही स्वामीद्रोही । तो येक मूर्ख

devadrohī gurudrohī | mātṛdrohī pitṛdrohī | brahmadrohī svāmīdrohī | to yeka mūrkha

Hostile to the gods, hostile to the guru, hostile to mother, hostile to father, hostile to Brahman, hostile to the Master — that is one fool.

Six-fold hostility: against gods, guru, mother, father, Brahman, master. The mūrkha's hostility-set *exhausts every authority-source*. There is no one left to listen to.

Hostility against all authority-sources leaves no one to learn from. Before opposing everything, check whether you have anywhere left to grow.

परपीडेचें मानी सुख । पससंतोषाचें मानी दुःख । गेले वस्तूचा करी शोक । तो येक मूर्ख

parapīḍecem mānī sukha | pasasamtoṣācem mānī duḥkha | gele vastūcā karī śoka | to yeka mūrkha

He who finds happiness in injuring others, sorrow in others' satisfaction; who grieves over a lost thing — that is one fool.

*Sign-flip of the empathy function*: joy in others' pain, pain in others' joy, grief over losses already gone. The bowed-in-the-wrong-place detector.

Empathy must run in the right direction. Taking joy in others' pain is not independence; it is corruption.

आदरेंविण बोलणें । न पुसतां साअक्ष देणें । निंद्य वस्तु आंगिकारणें । तो येक मूर्ख

ādaremviṇa bolaṇem | na pusatām sāakṣa deṇem | nimdya vastu āmgikāraṇem | to yeka mūrkha

Speaking without respect, giving testimony unasked, accepting a blameworthy thing — that is one fool.

Three related faults: speaking without respect / testifying unasked / accepting the blameworthy. All are *boundary-crossings of unrequested-speech and unexamined-acceptance*.

Do not speak unrequested. Do not testify unasked. Do not accept the blameworthy out of social pressure.

तुक तोडून बोले । मार्ग सांडून चाले । कुकर्मी मित्र केले । तो येक मूर्ख

tuka toḍūna bole | mārga sāmḍūna cāle | kukarmī mitra kele | to yeka mūrkha

He who speaks cutting, goes off the path, makes friends with evil-doers — that is one fool.

Cuts with speech, goes off the path, befriends evil-doers. A triad of *directional failures* — direction of speech, direction of walking, direction of social attachment.

Watch for direction errors — harsh speech, off-path walking, evil-friend choosing — they compound.

पत्य राखों नेणें कदा । विनोद करी सर्वदा । हासतां खिजे पेटे द्वंदा । तो येक मूर्ख

patya rākhom neṇem kadā | vinoda karī sarvadā | hāsatām khije peṭe dvamdā | to yeka mūrkha

He who never knows how to keep an agreement (patya), always makes jokes, gets angry when laughed at, picks quarrels — that is one fool.

Keeps no agreement (*patya*); jokes always; flares into anger when others laugh. The agreement-keeping, humor-calibration, and anger-regulation subsystems are all broken.

Keep agreements. Calibrate humor. Contain anger. The person who fails at all three is in a regulatory emergency.

होड घाली अवघड । काजेंविण करी बडबड । बोलोंचि नेणे मुखजड । तो येक मूर्ख

hoḍa ghālī avaghaḍa | kājemviṇa karī baḍabaḍa | bolomci neṇe mukhajaḍa | to yeka mūrkha

He who takes impossible bets; babbles without purpose; cannot even speak (tongue-stuck) — that is one fool.

Impossible bets, purposeless chatter, tongue-tied when speech matters. Classic *mis-allocated expressive energy*.

Don't take impossible bets to look bold. Don't fill silence with purposeless talk. Don't freeze when speech is due.

वस्त्र शास्त्र दोनी नसे । उंचे स्थळीं जाऊन बैसे । जो गोत्रजांस विश्वासे । तो येक मूर्ख

vastra śāstra donī nase | umce sthaḷīm jāūna baise | jo gotrajāmsa viśvāse | to yeka mūrkha

One who has neither clothes nor learning (vastra nor śāstra); goes and sits in a high place; trusts his own clansmen — that is one fool.

No clothes, no learning — sits in a high place; trusts his own clansmen (who will betray). Pride without substance + misplaced trust.

Without means (clothes) or substance (learning), do not seat yourself in high places. Trust your clansmen only where their interests align with yours.

तश्करासी वोळखी सांगे । देखिली वस्तु तेचि मागे । आपलें आन्हीत करी रागें । तो येक मूर्ख

taśkarāsī voḷakhī sāmge | dekhilī vastu teci māge | āpalem ānhīta karī rāgem | to yeka mūrkha

He who tells his identity to a thief; asks for the very thing he has seen; harms himself in anger — that is one fool.

Identifies self to a thief; demands a thing he has seen another holding; in anger, does self-harm. Three flavors of *leaking information to adversarial parties*.

Do not advertise yourself to adversaries. Do not demand from the strong what you saw them holding. Do not harm yourself in anger.

हीन जनासीं बरोबरी । बोल बोले सरोत्तरीं । वामहस्तें प्राशन करी । तो येक मूर्ख

hīna janāsīm barobarī | bola bole sarottarīm | vāmahastem prāśana karī | to yeka mūrkha

He who makes himself equal with low men; argues back against their retort; drinks with the left hand — that is one fool.

Equates self with the low; argues back against their retort; drinks with the left hand (culturally impure). *Social calibration + ritual calibration*, both broken.

Do not equate yourself with low associates and get into slanging matches with them. Maintain propriety in small acts (the left-hand example is paradigmatic).

समर्थासीं मत्सर धरी । अलभ्य वस्तूचा हेवा करी । घरीचा घरीं करी चोरी । तो येक मूर्ख

samarthāsīm matsara dharī | alabhya vastūcā hevā karī | gharīcā gharīm karī corī | to yeka mūrkha

He who envies the powerful, covets what is beyond his reach, commits theft within his own house — that is one fool.

Envies the powerful, covets the unattainable, steals within his own house. *Greed turning inward when outward theft is impossible.*

Envy of the powerful, coveting the unattainable, stealing from self — these converge on *inward theft*. Watch for the direction of the loss.

सांडूनियां जगदीशा । मनुष्याचा मानी भर्वसा । सार्थकेंविण वेंची वयसा । तो येक मूर्ख

sāmḍūniyām jagadīśā | manuṣyācā mānī bharvasā | sārthakemviṇa vemcī vayasā | to yeka mūrkha

Having abandoned Jagadīśa (the Lord of the world), he trusts in a man; he spends his life-span without fulfilled purpose (sārthaka) — that is one fool.

Abandons Jagadīśa, trusts a man; spends life-span without *sārthaka* (fulfillment). The fundamental mis-placement of ultimate trust.

Do not spend your life depending on a single mortal. Do not spend your life-span without the fulfilled work (*sārthaka*).

संसारदुःखाचेनि गुणें । देवास गाळी देणें । मैत्राचें बोले उणें । तो येक मूर्ख

samsāraduḥkhāceni guṇem | devāsa gāḷī deṇem | maitrācem bole uṇem | to yeka mūrkha

Because of worldly sorrow (samsāra-duḥkha), he reviles God; speaks ill of a friend — that is one fool.

Reviles God for worldly sorrow; speaks ill of a friend. *Blame-direction reversal* — attributes suffering to protection-sources, criticism to support-sources.

Do not blame God for worldly sorrow; do not speak ill of a friend. Check the direction of your attributions.

अल्प अन्याय क्ष्मा न करी । सर्वकाळ धारकीं धरी । जो विस्वासघात करी । तो येक मूर्ख

alpa anyāya kṣmā na karī | sarvakāḷa dhārakīm dharī | jo visvāsaghāta karī | to yeka mūrkha

He who does not forgive a trivial offense, holds it forever in mind; who commits betrayal of trust (viśvāsa-ghāta) — that is one fool.

Cannot forgive a trivial offense; holds it forever; commits betrayal of trust. The resentment-loop has no off-switch; eventually it inverts to produce active betrayal.

Trivial grudges become permanent features of the psyche. Clear them quickly, or they become the soil for betrayal.

समर्थाचे मनींचे तुटे । जयाचेनि सभा विटे । क्षणा बरा क्षणा पालटे । तो येक मूर्ख

samarthāce manīmce tuṭe | jayāceni sabhā viṭe | kṣaṇā barā kṣaṇā pālaṭe | to yeka mūrkha

He who destroys what is in the mighty one's mind; on account of whom the assembly is spoiled; who is well one moment, changed the next — that is one fool.

Destroys what is in a mighty-one's mind (ruptures agreement); spoils assemblies by his presence; is well one moment, changed the next (unreliable). *Reliability-failure* — the word-keeping subsystem is broken.

Do not rupture agreements with the powerful (real cost); do not spoil assemblies by your presence (social cost); do not be erratic (reliability cost).

बहुतां दिवसांचे सेवक । त्यागून ठेवी आणिक । ज्याची सभा निर्नायेक । तो येक मूर्ख

bahutām divasāmce sevaka | tyāgūna ṭhevī āṇika | jyācī sabhā nirnāyeka | to yeka mūrkha

He who abandons long-serving servants and takes others; whose assembly has no leader — that is one fool.

Abandons long-serving servants for newcomers; his assembly has no leader. *Succession-discontinuity* at every level of the hierarchy he runs.

Do not replace long-serving allies with opportunists. An assembly without a leader is a corridor, not a room.

अनीतीनें द्रव्य जोडी । धर्म नीति न्याय सोडी । संगतीचें मनुष्य तोडी । तो येक मूर्ख

anītīnem dravya joḍī | dharma nīti nyāya soḍī | samgatīcem manuṣya toḍī | to yeka mūrkha

He who earns wealth by injustice; abandons dharma, ethics, and justice; breaks the tie with his companion — that is one fool.

Earns by injustice; abandons dharma, ethics, justice; breaks with companions. The *ethics-and-relationship subsystem* is voluntarily dismantled.

Do not acquire by injustice, abandon ethics, or cut ties for convenience. All three are ways of gutting the integration of your life.

घरीं असोन सुंदरी । जो सदांचा परद्वारी । बहुतांचे उच्छिष्ट अंगीकारी । तो येक मूर्ख

gharīm asona sumdarī | jo sadāmcā paradvārī | bahutāmce ucchiṣṭa amgīkārī | to yeka mūrkha

He who, though having a beautiful wife at home, is ever at another's door; who accepts another's leavings — that is one fool.

Has a beautiful wife at home, is ever at another's door; accepts another's leavings. *Appetite-orientation bug* — prefers the unmerited to the already-given.

Do not court the unmerited when the given is present. Do not accept others' leavings where it means diminishing yourself.

आपुलें अर्थ दुसर्यापासीं । आणी दुसर्याचें अभिळासी । पर्वत करी हीनासी । तो येक मूर्ख

āpulem artha dusaryāpāsīm | āṇī dusaryācem abhiḷāsī | parvata karī hīnāsī | to yeka mūrkha

He who places his wealth with another and covets another's; despises the weak while aggrandizing himself — that is one fool.

Places own wealth with another and covets another's; despises the weak while aggrandizing self. The wealth-and-status subsystem is inverted.

Do not place your own beyond your reach and covet what is beyond it. Do not despise those weaker than you.

अतिताचा अंत पाहे । कुग्रामामधें राहे । सर्वकाळ चिंता वाहे । तो येक मूर्ख

atitācā amta pāhe | kugrāmāmadhem rāhe | sarvakāḷa cimtā vāhe | to yeka mūrkha

He who tests the limits of a guest, lives in a bad village, always carries anxiety — that is one fool.

Tests limits of a guest (violates hospitality); lives in a bad village; carries anxiety always. Poor *ground-conditions chooser* + constant dis-ease.

Do not test a guest's limits. Do not live in a bad village if you can help it. If you carry anxiety continuously, the ground conditions are wrong.

दोघे बोलत असती जेथें । तिसरा जाऊन बैसे तेथें । डोई खाजवी दोहीं हातें । तो येक मूर्ख

doghe bolata asatī jethem | tisarā jāūna baise tethem | ḍoī khājavī dohīm hātem | to yeka mūrkha

Where two are already in conversation, he goes and sits there; scratches his head with both hands — that is one fool.

Intrudes on two people's conversation; scratches head with both hands. Small-scale *intrusion + boor*.

Do not intrude in others' conversation. Do not fidget to absurdity. Small propriety checks matter.

उदकामधें सांडी गुरळी । पायें पायें कांडोळी । सेवा करी हीन कुळीं । तो येक मूर्ख

udakāmadhem sāmḍī guraḷī | pāyem pāyem kāmḍoḷī | sevā karī hīna kuḷīm | to yeka mūrkha

He who rinses his mouth in the water [meant for drinking], pounds things with his feet, serves in a low-born household — that is one fool.

Fouls the drinking water; pounds with feet; serves in a low-born household. *Pollution* across hygiene, gesture, and vocation.

Respect drinking water. Don't pound with feet. Don't serve where serving is degrading.

स्त्री बाळका सलगी देणें । पिशाच्या सन्निध बैसणें । मर्यादेविण पाळी सुणें । तो येक मूर्ख

strī bāḷakā salagī deṇem | piśācyā sannidha baisaṇem | maryādeviṇa pāḷī suṇem | to yeka mūrkha

He who indulges women and children, sits beside ghosts (piśācya), raises dogs without propriety — that is one fool.

Indulges women and children [without limit]; sits near ghosts (*piśācya*); raises dogs without propriety. The company-and-companion selection is failing.

Do not over-indulge dependents. Do not sit with those of dark intentions. Do not keep dogs carelessly (even a good animal misraised becomes a liability).

परस्त्रीसीं कळह करी । मुकी वस्तु निघातें मारी । मूर्खाची संगती धरी । तो येक मूर्ख

parastrīsīm kaḷaha karī | mukī vastu nighātem mārī | mūrkhācī samgatī dharī | to yeka mūrkha

He who quarrels with another's wife, strikes a mute creature (mukī vastu) without reason, keeps the company of fools — that is one fool.

Quarrels with another's wife; strikes a mute creature; keeps company with fools. The *cruelty subsystem* has three outputs: verbal, physical, and associative.

Quarrels with others' wives, striking mute creatures (mute people, animals, the defenseless), company with fools — three flavors of cruelty or dullness; all three erode you.

कळह पाहात उभा राहे । तोडविना कौतुक पाहे । खरें अस्ता खोटें साहे । तो येक मूर्ख

kaḷaha pāhāta ubhā rāhe | toḍavinā kautuka pāhe | kharem astā khoṭem sāhe | to yeka mūrkha

He who stands watching a quarrel, does not intervene but enjoys the spectacle; while the truth stands there, he consents to the lie — that is one fool.

Watches a quarrel without intervening; allows falsehood to stand while truth is present. The *moral-witness function* is off.

Stop being a spectator of other people's conflicts — either intervene or walk away. Watching while truth is overborne by lie makes you complicit.

लक्ष्मी आलियावरी । जो मागील वोळखी न धरी । देवीं ब्राह्मणीं सत्ता करी । तो येक मूर्ख

lakṣmī āliyāvarī | jo māgīla voḷakhī na dharī | devīm brāhmaṇīm sattā karī | to yeka mūrkha

He who, once Lakṣmī comes, does not recognize the old acquaintances; presumes authority over gods and brāhmaṇas — that is one fool.

Once Lakṣmī comes, forgets old acquaintances; presumes authority over gods and brāhmaṇas. *Post-wealth amnesia*; compare with 2.1.024's post-status-flip inversion.

Do not forget those who helped you when you had less. Do not act in ways that presume authority over sacred things.

आपलें काज होये तंवरी । बहुसाल नम्रता धरी । पुढीलांचें कार्य न करी । तो येक मूर्ख

āpalem kāja hoye tamvarī | bahusāla namratā dharī | puḍhīlāmcem kārya na karī | to yeka mūrkha

He who is very humble only until his work is done, and afterwards does not perform the work of others — that is one fool.

Humble only until his work is done; afterwards does no work for others. *Transactional humility* — a masquerade for calculation.

Do not be humble only while your task is pending. Do not fail to return favors after receiving them.

अक्षरें गाळून वाची । कां तें घाली पदरिचीं । नीघा न करी पुस्तकाची । तो येक मूर्ख

akṣarem gāḷūna vācī | kām tem ghālī padaricīm | nīghā na karī pustakācī | to yeka mūrkha

He who reads dropping the letters; puts in extra letters from himself; does not care for the book — that is one fool.

Reads dropping letters, adds letters from himself, does not care for the book. Close-reading fails at every level: lexical, editorial, curatorial.**

When you read, read properly. Don't drop letters; don't add spurious ones; care for books. **Equally true for source-reading by any knowledge worker.**

आपण वाचीना कधीं । कोणास वाचावया नेदी । बांधोन ठेवी बंदीं । तो येक मूर्ख

āpaṇa vācīnā kadhīm | koṇāsa vācāvayā nedī | bāmdhona ṭhevī bamdīm | to yeka mūrkha

He who never reads and does not give to others to read; keeps [the book] tied up in bondage — that is one fool.

Never reads himself and does not let others read either; keeps [the book] tied up. *Information-hoarder* — a failure at the cultural-transmission level.

Do not hoard learning. If you will not read it yourself, let someone else read it. Locked-up knowledge is worse than lost knowledge.

ऐसीं हें मूर्खलक्षणें । श्रवणें चातुर्य बाणे । चीत्त देउनियां शहाणे । ऐकती सदा

aisīm hem mūrkhalakṣaṇem | śravaṇem cāturya bāṇe | cītta deuniyām śahāṇe | aikatī sadā

Such are these mūrkha-lakṣaṇas (fool-signs); by listening, cleverness (cāturya) is ingrained; the wise (śahāṇe) ever listen attentively.

Summary: hearing the fool-signs, discernment (*cāturya*) is ingrained; the wise listen with attention. **The whole catalog is a teaching device, not a verdict.**

Listening to the fool-catalog should increase *cāturya* (cleverness) by contrast. The list is a negative-definition of the clever.

लक्षणें अपार असती । परी कांहीं येक येथामती । त्यागार्थ बोलिलें श्रोतीं । क्ष्मा केलें पाहिजे

lakṣaṇem apāra asatī | parī kāmhīm yeka yethāmatī | tyāgārtha bolilem śrotīm | kṣmā kelem pāhije

The signs are countless; but somewhat, according to my capacity (yathā-mati), they have been spoken for the sake of renunciation; let the listeners pardon [any deficiency].

Disclaimer: the signs are countless; this is a partial enumeration for the sake of renunciation. **Ramdas's own meta-commitment to inexhaustibility** (compare 1.1.013).

Accept that no enumeration is exhaustive; the samples are gestures toward a type.

उत्तम लक्षणें घ्यावीं । मूर्खलक्षणें त्यागावीं । पुढिले समासी आघवीं । निरोपिलीं

uttama lakṣaṇem ghyāvīm | mūrkhalakṣaṇem tyāgāvīm | puḍhile samāsī āghavīm | niropilīm

Take up the signs of the excellent (uttama-lakṣaṇa); renounce the signs of the fool; in the next samāsa all of them will be declared.

Transition: take up *uttama-lakṣaṇa* (excellent-signs), renounce *mūrkha-lakṣaṇa* — the next samāsa will declare them in full. The fool-list exists to prepare the reception of the excellent-list. The two are a single pedagogical unit.

Take up excellent-signs in the next samāsa. The fool-list's real purpose was to prepare you to receive the positive-trait list.